Engineering Geography Studies for Visualize and Analyze Geographic Data
Engineering Geography
Engineering geography studies ways to visualize and analyze geographic data and information in the form of maps, diagrams, aerial photographs, and remote sensing imagery.
1) Cartography, is the science and art of making maps. Maps are made using measurement results and data collection from various elements on the earth's surface that have been carried out by surveyors, geographers, and cartographs.
2) Remote sensing, is the science and art that produces information about objects, areas, or symptoms. Done by analyzing the data obtained using a tool, without any direct contact with the object, area, or symptoms being studied.
3) Geographic information systems, are computer-based information systems which can store, manage, process, analyze geographical and non-geographical data, and provide integrated information and graphics.
Geography Research Methods
1. Field Study
Direct observations in the field are useful for knowing and understanding the surface of the earth and human activities. This method is done by plunging directly observing objects in the field. By conducting field studies will be known specific characteristics of the earth's surface.
2. Mapping Method
this is done by selecting various information in the area to be mapped. The selection produces only selected object information that is needed so that it can describe the place, pattern, and characteristics of geographic elements in the map.
3. Interview
This method is done by asking questions to respondents about things that need to be known. Respondents are expected to answer clearly to all questions. This method is chosen if the things you want to know cannot be obtained by the method of observation.
4. Quantitative Quantitative Methods
is a geographic research method that uses mathematical and statistical calculations. With this method, researchers can simplify complicated information and the results of research are presented in a simple form.
5. Use of Scientific Facilities
The method of using scientific facilities in geography research, for example remote sensing. Remote sensing can help to identify and study hard-to-reach earth surfaces with field studies.
Characteristics of the Continent of Asia - Characteristics, Climate
Asian Continent - Characteristics, Climate, Economy, South, East, Flora and Fauna: Continent is a vast land that is on the surface of the earth; (continent). At first the earth formed the entire continent is a vast land, not yet divided by the shifting of the earth's crust; The land is called Pangea, during the mesozoic it was divided into two major parts, namely Gondwana in the southern hemisphere and laurasia in the northern hemisphere. Today the earth is divided into several continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe and Australia. The following are the characteristics of each.
Characteristics of the Asian Continent
The Asian Continent covers a large part of Eurasia without Europe. Asia is the largest continent, related to the area and population. The Asian region is divided into five, namely West Asia, East Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia. Each region has different physical characteristics.
1. Location and Area of Asia
Asia is the widest continent. The extent of reaching 33% of all land on earth, which is 44,444,100 km2. Asia is in the eastern part of the earth, and almost all of its territory is in the northern hemisphere (except for a part of Indonesia).
Astronomically, Asia lies between 77o45 'LU to 1o15' LS and 26o04'BT to 169o40 'BB.
The following are the geographical boundaries of Asia.
North: Arctic Ocean and Bering Strait.
To the south: Indian Ocean.
West: Ural Mountains (boundary with Europe), Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea, Mediterranean and Red Sea.
East side: Pacific Ocean.
2. The Asian Continent Landscape
The topography of the Asian region is very diverse, including high mountain ranges mixed with lowlands, highlands, valleys, and alluvial plains. In the middle of Asia there is a row of the highest mountains in the world (± 4,000 m), which includes the Himalayan Mountains, Karakoram, and Kun Lun, which surrounds the Tibetan plateau.
Therefore, Tibet is dubbed "the roof of the world". In the Himalayas, namely on the border of Nepal and Tibet, Mount Everest (± 8,848 m) can be found, is the highest point in Asia as well as on earth. Increasingly east and southeast of Asia the sloping relief, where then can be found a vast desert, the Gobi Desert. The desert stretches across China and Mongolia.
To the west plato-plato can be found. On the western edge of Asia it stretches the Ural Mountains from north to south, becoming the natural boundary of the Asian and European continents. Some other mountains are Hindu Kush, Tian Shan, Pamirs, Altai, Zagros, Da Hinggan, Sulaiman, Arakan Yoma, and Caucasus.
Lowlands in Asia are around the flow of large rivers. Important rivers in Asia include Yangtze, Tigris and Euphrates, Ganga, Huang Ho, Irawadi, and Mekong. In the estuary of the river, many deltas are formed which are generally fertile. For example the Ganga River Delta. Famous basins are the Caspian Sea, Lake Aral, Lake Baikal and Lake Balkash. The lowest point is in the Dead Sea (± 395 m below sea level), in the Israel-Jordan region. Try opening your atlas and look for these places on the map!
3. Asian Continent Climate
Climate-Continent-Asia
Image: Asian Continent Climate Zone
The vastness of the Asian region gives rise to quite varied climate characters. Climate variation is also influenced by other factors, such as diverse topography and land position on the sea. Judging from the characteristics of the climate, the Asian region can be grouped into Asian seasons, dry, cold, and high Asia. namely as follows:
a. Asian season (tropical, subtropical, and seasonal climate)
Seasonal Asia consists of South, Southeast Asia and East Asia. The climate in this region is influenced by the extent of the ocean, mountain ranges and monsoon wind systems. This region has quite high rainfall.
Annual temperature at the equator reaches ± 20oC, while rainfall is ± 2,030 mm per year. In the northern latitudes, annual temperatures in summer reach ± 27oC and in winter ± 10oC. Rainfall reaches ± 1,270 mm per year.
b. Dry Asia (desert and continental climate)
Dry Asia, comprising parts of western East Asia, Central Asia (including Russia parts of Asia), and West Asia. Rainfall in this region varies from ± 25 mm per year (in the Gobi Desert region) to ± 250 mm per year (in the Central Asia region).
c. Cold Asia (arctic and subarctic climates)
The characteristics of the arctic and subarctic climates are that winter lasts long, while summer is very short. As a result, in the region many tundra vegetations are found. Cold Asia with this climatic characteristic covers most of Russia in northern Asia. The climate in this region is affected by the presence of polar air.
d. High Asia (mountain climate)
High Asia, including the Asian region in a plateau (Tibet and parts of Mongolia). The climate in this region is mountainous climate.
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Socio-cultural Circumstances of the Asian Continent
Socio-cultural Circumstances of the Asian Continent
The population of Asia in mid-2007 reached more than 4 billion people. Asia is the most populous continent, more than 60% of the world's population is in Asia. The country with the highest population is China. Asia has a lot of ethnic diversity and most of them belong to the Mongoloid race (Chinese, Japanese, Mongolian, Tibetan, etc.). The most ethnic are Chinese and Japanese. Other ethnicities are Malay (Southeast Asian), Dravidian (South Asian), and white skin (West Asian). More than 60% of the world's population lives in the Asian region.
The main religion in Asia
are Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism. Hinduism is mainly adopted by Indian society. Islam is the main religion of Southeast Asian and Western societies. Buddhism is widely held by the people of Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Laos, Cambodia and China. Some other religions are Shinto (Japanese), Roman Catholic (Filipino), and Protestant.
The language used in Asia
including Chinese, Hindi, Arabic, Russian, Malay, and several other languages. Some languages in Asia are influenced by foreign languages due to the occupation of foreign nations, such as English, Spanish, and Portuguese.
Asian Continent Economy
Most countries in Asia are still classified as developing countries. The Asian economy is dominated by an agricultural activity, except Israel. The main agricultural / plantation products in Asia include rice, palm oil, rubber, coffee, tea, spices, vegetables and fruits.
Mining in the Asian region is very potential. Main mining products, including oil and gas, tin and coal. Petroleum mining is mainly produced in the Middle East, Indonesia and Brunei Darusallam. Although not evenly distributed, the industry in Asia has developed rapidly. Some of the successful industrial pioneering countries are China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore, which are dubbed the new industrial countries.
Population
In Asia there are the most populous countries in the world, namely the People's Republic of China (PRC) 1302,000,000 people and in India 1,033,000,000 people.
Biggest and Smallest Country
The largest country is the Asiatic Russia (1,3119,582 km2 and the country with the smallest area is the Maldives in the Indian Ocean (300 km2).
Highest Mountain Peaks
Mount Everest, in Nepal / China, Height 8,848 m
Godwin Austen, in India, 8,611 m high
Kanchenjunga, in India / Nepal 8,586 m high
Lhotse, in China / Nepal, 8,516 m tall
Makalu, in China / Nepal, 8,563 m tall
Cho Oyu, in China / Nepal, 8,201 m high
The Longest River
Yangtze in China 5,520 Km
Ob-Irtysh in Kazakhstan / Russia Length 5,200 Km
Mekhong in China / Laos / Vietnam Length 5,186 Km
Hwang Ho in China Length 4,672 km
Heilong Hiang-Amor in China / Russia Length 4,509 Km
Yenisey-Angaea-Selenga in Russia Length 4.124 Km
Indus in Pakistan, 3,186 Km
The Widest Lake
Caspian Sea Area of 371,000 Km2
Aral Sea Area 33,640 Km2
Lake Baikal in Russia Area 30,500 Km2
Tonle Sab Lake in Cambodia, 2,850 Km
The widest desert
The largest desert-sand
Arabia Desert Area 2,300,000 km2
The Gobi Desert in China / Mongolia is 1,166,000 km2 wide
The Kyzylkum desert in Uzbekistan is 300,000 km2 wide
The highest peak and lowest point of the land
The highest peak of mainland Asia is the Mount Everest mainland (8,848m / asl), while the lowest point of the mainland is the dead sea floor in Israel / Jordan (400m / asl).
Wettest and Most Dry Place
The wettest place with the highest rainfall in Mawsynram India (average 11,872 mm / year). The driest place with the lowest rainfall in the city of Aden Yaman (average 46 mm / year).
Extreme Temperature
High temperatures have occurred in the city of Tirat Zevi Israrel reaching 53.90C on June 21, 1942. The lowest temperature ever occurred in Oymyajon Russia -67.70C on February 6, 1933
Flora and Fauna
Flora
The distribution of flora in the Asian Continent is strongly influenced by the climate in the region. Tropical rain forests are found in tropical regions, such as in Southeast Asia and South Asia.
Fauna
Farmed fauna, such as cows, buffaloes, horses, sheep and camels. In the polar regions there are wild fauna, such as deer, polar bears, sea lions and foxes.
Characteristics of the Asian Continent
The following are some characteristics of the Asian Continent.
Asia is the largest and most populous continent.
In Asia, there are countries that have the largest population in the world, such as the PRC, India, and Indonesia.
On the Asian Continent there are the largest petroleum-producing countries, especially countries in the Arabian Peninsula region.
The Asian continent is the place where the major world religions have emerged and developed, such as Islam in Saudi Arabia, Christianity and Catholicism in Jerusalem, Hinduism and Buddhism in India, and Kong Hu Cu in China.
On the Asian Continent there are many historical value buildings, even can be classified as seven wonders of the world, namely the Great Wall in the PRC, the Ka'ba in Mecca (Saudi Arabia), the Taj Mahal in India, and the Borobudur Temple in Indonesia.
List of countries in Asia
Geographically, the Asian Continent can be divided into several regions such as East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, North Asia, West Asia and Central Asia.
East Asian countries
There are 5 sovereign states recognized by the United Nations in East Asia, namely China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia. Hong Kong and Macao listed below are special administrative regions or abbreviated SAR from the People's Republic of China (China). While the status of Taiwan is still contested by China because China claims Taiwan as its territory.
The population of Asia in mid-2007 reached more than 4 billion people. Asia is the most populous continent, more than 60% of the world's population is in Asia. The country with the highest population is China. Asia has a lot of ethnic diversity and most of them belong to the Mongoloid race (Chinese, Japanese, Mongolian, Tibetan, etc.). The most ethnic are Chinese and Japanese. Other ethnicities are Malay (Southeast Asian), Dravidian (South Asian), and white skin (West Asian). More than 60% of the world's population lives in the Asian region.
The main religion in Asia
are Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism. Hinduism is mainly adopted by Indian society. Islam is the main religion of Southeast Asian and Western societies. Buddhism is widely held by the people of Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Laos, Cambodia and China. Some other religions are Shinto (Japanese), Roman Catholic (Filipino), and Protestant.
The language used in Asia
including Chinese, Hindi, Arabic, Russian, Malay, and several other languages. Some languages in Asia are influenced by foreign languages due to the occupation of foreign nations, such as English, Spanish, and Portuguese.
Asian Continent Economy
Most countries in Asia are still classified as developing countries. The Asian economy is dominated by an agricultural activity, except Israel. The main agricultural / plantation products in Asia include rice, palm oil, rubber, coffee, tea, spices, vegetables and fruits.
Mining in the Asian region is very potential. Main mining products, including oil and gas, tin and coal. Petroleum mining is mainly produced in the Middle East, Indonesia and Brunei Darusallam. Although not evenly distributed, the industry in Asia has developed rapidly. Some of the successful industrial pioneering countries are China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore, which are dubbed the new industrial countries.
Population
In Asia there are the most populous countries in the world, namely the People's Republic of China (PRC) 1302,000,000 people and in India 1,033,000,000 people.
Biggest and Smallest Country
The largest country is the Asiatic Russia (1,3119,582 km2 and the country with the smallest area is the Maldives in the Indian Ocean (300 km2).
Highest Mountain Peaks
Mount Everest, in Nepal / China, Height 8,848 m
Godwin Austen, in India, 8,611 m high
Kanchenjunga, in India / Nepal 8,586 m high
Lhotse, in China / Nepal, 8,516 m tall
Makalu, in China / Nepal, 8,563 m tall
Cho Oyu, in China / Nepal, 8,201 m high
The Longest River
Yangtze in China 5,520 Km
Ob-Irtysh in Kazakhstan / Russia Length 5,200 Km
Mekhong in China / Laos / Vietnam Length 5,186 Km
Hwang Ho in China Length 4,672 km
Heilong Hiang-Amor in China / Russia Length 4,509 Km
Yenisey-Angaea-Selenga in Russia Length 4.124 Km
Indus in Pakistan, 3,186 Km
The Widest Lake
Caspian Sea Area of 371,000 Km2
Aral Sea Area 33,640 Km2
Lake Baikal in Russia Area 30,500 Km2
Tonle Sab Lake in Cambodia, 2,850 Km
The widest desert
The largest desert-sand
Arabia Desert Area 2,300,000 km2
The Gobi Desert in China / Mongolia is 1,166,000 km2 wide
The Kyzylkum desert in Uzbekistan is 300,000 km2 wide
The highest peak and lowest point of the land
The highest peak of mainland Asia is the Mount Everest mainland (8,848m / asl), while the lowest point of the mainland is the dead sea floor in Israel / Jordan (400m / asl).
Wettest and Most Dry Place
The wettest place with the highest rainfall in Mawsynram India (average 11,872 mm / year). The driest place with the lowest rainfall in the city of Aden Yaman (average 46 mm / year).
Extreme Temperature
High temperatures have occurred in the city of Tirat Zevi Israrel reaching 53.90C on June 21, 1942. The lowest temperature ever occurred in Oymyajon Russia -67.70C on February 6, 1933
Flora and Fauna
Flora
The distribution of flora in the Asian Continent is strongly influenced by the climate in the region. Tropical rain forests are found in tropical regions, such as in Southeast Asia and South Asia.
Fauna
Farmed fauna, such as cows, buffaloes, horses, sheep and camels. In the polar regions there are wild fauna, such as deer, polar bears, sea lions and foxes.
Characteristics of the Asian Continent
The following are some characteristics of the Asian Continent.
Asia is the largest and most populous continent.
In Asia, there are countries that have the largest population in the world, such as the PRC, India, and Indonesia.
On the Asian Continent there are the largest petroleum-producing countries, especially countries in the Arabian Peninsula region.
The Asian continent is the place where the major world religions have emerged and developed, such as Islam in Saudi Arabia, Christianity and Catholicism in Jerusalem, Hinduism and Buddhism in India, and Kong Hu Cu in China.
On the Asian Continent there are many historical value buildings, even can be classified as seven wonders of the world, namely the Great Wall in the PRC, the Ka'ba in Mecca (Saudi Arabia), the Taj Mahal in India, and the Borobudur Temple in Indonesia.
List of countries in Asia
Geographically, the Asian Continent can be divided into several regions such as East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, North Asia, West Asia and Central Asia.
East Asian countries
There are 5 sovereign states recognized by the United Nations in East Asia, namely China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia. Hong Kong and Macao listed below are special administrative regions or abbreviated SAR from the People's Republic of China (China). While the status of Taiwan is still contested by China because China claims Taiwan as its territory.
Learning Objectives of Geography
Learning Objectives of Geography
a. As knowledge, geography aims to develop basic geographic concepts related to spatial patterns and processes; develop knowledge, opportunities and limitations of natural resources to be utilized; develop basic concepts of geography related to the surrounding environment and regions of the country or the world.
b. As a skill, geography aims to develop skills in observing the physical environment, social environment, and built environment; develop skills in collecting, recording data and information related to spatial aspects; develop analytical skills, synthesis, tendencies, and results from the interaction of various geographical phenomena.
c. As an attitude, geography aims to raise awareness of changes in geographic phenomena that occur in the surrounding environment; develop a protective attitude and responsibility towards environmental quality; develop sensitivity to problems in the utilization of resources; develop an attitude of tolerance towards social and cultural differences; realize the love of the motherland and national unity.
Geographical Characteristics
1) Geography sees the surface of the earth as the environment of human life and the environment that influences human life.
2) Geography looks at the spread of humans in space and how space with all its resources.
3) Geography sees the characteristics of an area so that the similarities and differences of the regions on the surface of the earth can be seen clearly.
4) In studying a phenomenon or phenomenon, geography always relates it to the elements of the location, distance, distribution, interrelation, movement, and regionalization of an area.
Geographical Aspects
1. Topology aspects, including elements of the location, boundaries, area and shape (morphology) of an area.
2. Nonbiotic aspects, including elements of soil conditions, hydrology (water system) both land and sea waters and climate conditions of an area.
3. Biotic aspects, including elements of vegetation (plants or flora), animals (fauna) and population studies.
4. Social aspects, including elements of tradition, customs, communities, community groups and social institutions.
5. Economic aspects, including elements of agriculture, plantation, mining, fisheries, industry, trade, transportation and markets.
6. Cultural aspects, including the study of elements of education, religion, language and art.
7. Political aspects, including elements of government and party that occur in life in society.
Branch of Geography
a. Physical Geography
Physical geography studies the landscape (landscape), which is the space part of the earth's surface formed by the interaction and interdependence of land forms. The main concern of physical geography is the life layer of the physical environment, which is the thin zone of land and sea in which there are most life phenomena.
1) Meteorology and Climatology
Study the symptoms of weather and climate in the atmosphere.
2) Oceanography
Science and exploratory studies about the ocean and all aspects contained therein. These aspects such as sediments, rocks that form the seabed, interactions between the sea and the atmosphere, the movement of sea water, and the energy that causes the movement of both internal and external energy.
3) Hydrology and Hydrography
Hydrology studies the movement and distribution of water on earth. Hydrography is a branch of physical geography that deals with research and mapping of water on the surface of the earth.
4) Geology and Geomorphology
Geology explains how the earth was formed and how it has changed over time. Geomorphology studies the shape of the land surface and the history of its formation.
5) Soil Science and Soil Geography
Soil science is the study of the intricacies or properties of soil. Soil Geography is the study of soil, such as its nature, genesis, distribution, and application to human life.
6) Biology and Biogeography
Biology is the study of the world of plants and animals. Biogeography is the study of the spread of organisms in space and time, as well as the factors that influence, limit, or determine the pattern of distance distribution.
b. Human Geography
Human geography studies humans in space, including population, population distribution, population dynamics, economic, political, social and cultural activities. Branches of human geography, including the following:
1) Economics and Economic Geography
Economics is the study of human endeavors to achieve prosperity, its symptoms, and the interrelationships of these efforts. Economic geography discusses how human businesses exploit natural resources, produce merchandise, location patterns, and the distribution of industrial activities.
2) Political Science and Political Geography
Politics is an activity in a country that is related to the process of determining choices in achieving goals by that country. Political geography studies the political units, territories, borders and capital of a region with elements of national power and international politics.
3) Population Demographics and Geography
Demography is the study of the state and dynamics of population changes. Population geography is a branch of the discipline of geography that presents variations in the quality of space in demographics and nondemography of the population.
In addition, population geography studies social and economic consequences that originate from a series of interactions with a specific set of conditions contained therein given by a unit or area.
a. As knowledge, geography aims to develop basic geographic concepts related to spatial patterns and processes; develop knowledge, opportunities and limitations of natural resources to be utilized; develop basic concepts of geography related to the surrounding environment and regions of the country or the world.
b. As a skill, geography aims to develop skills in observing the physical environment, social environment, and built environment; develop skills in collecting, recording data and information related to spatial aspects; develop analytical skills, synthesis, tendencies, and results from the interaction of various geographical phenomena.
c. As an attitude, geography aims to raise awareness of changes in geographic phenomena that occur in the surrounding environment; develop a protective attitude and responsibility towards environmental quality; develop sensitivity to problems in the utilization of resources; develop an attitude of tolerance towards social and cultural differences; realize the love of the motherland and national unity.
Geographical Characteristics
1) Geography sees the surface of the earth as the environment of human life and the environment that influences human life.
2) Geography looks at the spread of humans in space and how space with all its resources.
3) Geography sees the characteristics of an area so that the similarities and differences of the regions on the surface of the earth can be seen clearly.
4) In studying a phenomenon or phenomenon, geography always relates it to the elements of the location, distance, distribution, interrelation, movement, and regionalization of an area.
Geographical Aspects
1. Topology aspects, including elements of the location, boundaries, area and shape (morphology) of an area.
2. Nonbiotic aspects, including elements of soil conditions, hydrology (water system) both land and sea waters and climate conditions of an area.
3. Biotic aspects, including elements of vegetation (plants or flora), animals (fauna) and population studies.
4. Social aspects, including elements of tradition, customs, communities, community groups and social institutions.
5. Economic aspects, including elements of agriculture, plantation, mining, fisheries, industry, trade, transportation and markets.
6. Cultural aspects, including the study of elements of education, religion, language and art.
7. Political aspects, including elements of government and party that occur in life in society.
Branch of Geography
a. Physical Geography
Physical geography studies the landscape (landscape), which is the space part of the earth's surface formed by the interaction and interdependence of land forms. The main concern of physical geography is the life layer of the physical environment, which is the thin zone of land and sea in which there are most life phenomena.
1) Meteorology and Climatology
Study the symptoms of weather and climate in the atmosphere.
2) Oceanography
Science and exploratory studies about the ocean and all aspects contained therein. These aspects such as sediments, rocks that form the seabed, interactions between the sea and the atmosphere, the movement of sea water, and the energy that causes the movement of both internal and external energy.
3) Hydrology and Hydrography
Hydrology studies the movement and distribution of water on earth. Hydrography is a branch of physical geography that deals with research and mapping of water on the surface of the earth.
4) Geology and Geomorphology
Geology explains how the earth was formed and how it has changed over time. Geomorphology studies the shape of the land surface and the history of its formation.
5) Soil Science and Soil Geography
Soil science is the study of the intricacies or properties of soil. Soil Geography is the study of soil, such as its nature, genesis, distribution, and application to human life.
6) Biology and Biogeography
Biology is the study of the world of plants and animals. Biogeography is the study of the spread of organisms in space and time, as well as the factors that influence, limit, or determine the pattern of distance distribution.
b. Human Geography
Human geography studies humans in space, including population, population distribution, population dynamics, economic, political, social and cultural activities. Branches of human geography, including the following:
1) Economics and Economic Geography
Economics is the study of human endeavors to achieve prosperity, its symptoms, and the interrelationships of these efforts. Economic geography discusses how human businesses exploit natural resources, produce merchandise, location patterns, and the distribution of industrial activities.
2) Political Science and Political Geography
Politics is an activity in a country that is related to the process of determining choices in achieving goals by that country. Political geography studies the political units, territories, borders and capital of a region with elements of national power and international politics.
3) Population Demographics and Geography
Demography is the study of the state and dynamics of population changes. Population geography is a branch of the discipline of geography that presents variations in the quality of space in demographics and nondemography of the population.
In addition, population geography studies social and economic consequences that originate from a series of interactions with a specific set of conditions contained therein given by a unit or area.
(Part III) Geography Concepts and Principles
(Part III) Geography Concepts and Principles
17. The concept of Complementarity / Complementarity
The actual or potential relationship of two places or regions that each produces different goods or services for which the other has an effective demand, resulting in an exchange between the locales. 17) Difference between two / more places in terms of specifications.
Example / illustration:
Coastal areas provide marine products which will be exchanged (in trade) with the results of the upland area plantations.
18. The concept of transferability / transferability
Acceptable costs of a spatial exchange; the cost of moving a commodity relative to the ability of the commodity to bear that cost. 18) A different thing can be moved to another place.
Example / illustration:
Coastal fisheries products in the form of sea fish, shellfish, crabs, and others can be moved to the mountains. But it is not possible for humans to move the sea to the mountains.
19. The concept of Interverning opportunity
The concepts that closer opportunities will materially reduce the attractiveness of interactions with more distant - even slightly better - alternatives; a closer alternative source of supply between the demand point and the original source of supply. 19).
Example / illustration:
The development of cities other than Jakarta reduces the number of job seekers in Jakarta. Job seekers tend to prefer workplaces that are closer to where they live.
20. The concept of Diffusion / Diffusion
The spread or movement of a phenomenon over space through time. The dispersion of a culture trait or characteristic or new ideas and practices from an origin area (eg, language, plant domestication, new industrial technology). Recognized types include relocation, expansion, contagious, and hierarchical diffusion. 20).
Example / illustration:
Javanese migration to many places in the Indonesian archipelago has influenced the way people are socialized. Javanese are known to be more tolerant of others.
21. The concept of relocation diffusion
In relocation diffusion, the innovation or idea is physically carried out to new areas by migrating individuals or populations that possess it. Mentifacts or artifacts are therefore introduced into new locales by new settlers who become part of the population not themselves associated with or in contact with the origin area of the innovation. 21.b)
Example / illustration:
The spread of religion by permanent residents or residents (who first came and settled in a place) or conquerors of an area is an example of the diffusion of relocation.
The concept of contact diffusion / Contagious Diffusion
A form of expansion diffusion that depends on direct contact. The process of dispersion is centrifugal, strongly influenced by distance, and dependent on the interaction between the actual and potential adopters of the innovation. Its name is derived from the pattern of spread of contagious disease. 22).
Example / illustration:
Christian belief in Europe spread from Rome as the center of the perpetrators and then to the provincial capital and then spread to places controlled by the pagan Roman population.
Geography Function
a. As a spatial analysis tool with interrelated processes, for example the linkage of physical and socio-economic aspects;
b. As an environmental analysis tool that functions to analyze the relationship between humans and the environment in which they live;
c. As a regional analysis tool so that it can provide characteristics in a region, which can distinguish between one region with another region.
17. The concept of Complementarity / Complementarity
The actual or potential relationship of two places or regions that each produces different goods or services for which the other has an effective demand, resulting in an exchange between the locales. 17) Difference between two / more places in terms of specifications.
Example / illustration:
Coastal areas provide marine products which will be exchanged (in trade) with the results of the upland area plantations.
18. The concept of transferability / transferability
Acceptable costs of a spatial exchange; the cost of moving a commodity relative to the ability of the commodity to bear that cost. 18) A different thing can be moved to another place.
Example / illustration:
Coastal fisheries products in the form of sea fish, shellfish, crabs, and others can be moved to the mountains. But it is not possible for humans to move the sea to the mountains.
19. The concept of Interverning opportunity
The concepts that closer opportunities will materially reduce the attractiveness of interactions with more distant - even slightly better - alternatives; a closer alternative source of supply between the demand point and the original source of supply. 19).
Example / illustration:
The development of cities other than Jakarta reduces the number of job seekers in Jakarta. Job seekers tend to prefer workplaces that are closer to where they live.
20. The concept of Diffusion / Diffusion
The spread or movement of a phenomenon over space through time. The dispersion of a culture trait or characteristic or new ideas and practices from an origin area (eg, language, plant domestication, new industrial technology). Recognized types include relocation, expansion, contagious, and hierarchical diffusion. 20).
Example / illustration:
Javanese migration to many places in the Indonesian archipelago has influenced the way people are socialized. Javanese are known to be more tolerant of others.
21. The concept of relocation diffusion
In relocation diffusion, the innovation or idea is physically carried out to new areas by migrating individuals or populations that possess it. Mentifacts or artifacts are therefore introduced into new locales by new settlers who become part of the population not themselves associated with or in contact with the origin area of the innovation. 21.b)
Example / illustration:
The spread of religion by permanent residents or residents (who first came and settled in a place) or conquerors of an area is an example of the diffusion of relocation.
The concept of contact diffusion / Contagious Diffusion
A form of expansion diffusion that depends on direct contact. The process of dispersion is centrifugal, strongly influenced by distance, and dependent on the interaction between the actual and potential adopters of the innovation. Its name is derived from the pattern of spread of contagious disease. 22).
Example / illustration:
Christian belief in Europe spread from Rome as the center of the perpetrators and then to the provincial capital and then spread to places controlled by the pagan Roman population.
Geography Function
a. As a spatial analysis tool with interrelated processes, for example the linkage of physical and socio-economic aspects;
b. As an environmental analysis tool that functions to analyze the relationship between humans and the environment in which they live;
c. As a regional analysis tool so that it can provide characteristics in a region, which can distinguish between one region with another region.
(Part II) Geography Concepts: Examples and Principles
(Part II) Geography Concepts: Examples and Principles
6. The Concept of Possibilism
Possibilism is the viewpoint that people, not environments, are dynamic forces of cultural development. 6.a) The natural environment provides a range of alternatives or possibilities, but humans must make choices from the various possibilities that nature provides. 6.b)
Example / illustration:
Sleman Regency has fertile volcanic soil types, besides that the relief is flat so it has the potential to build buildings. Nature provides humans with a choice between increasing soil productivity by planting or building buildings.
7. The Concept of Probabilism
Probabilism is an understanding which considers that the possible patterns of human resources are more important. 7
Example / illustration:
With natural conditions that are far different, Singapore is able to surpass the economies of other Asean countries. This is due to Singapore's human resource factor which is far more advanced than other ASEAN countries' human resources.
8. The concept of quantitative revolution
Quantitative revolution is a concept that is attempted to establish geography as a science (science). Quantitative revolutionaries claim that the use of geography is to test general agreement about the spatial arrangement of a phenomenon. They adopted the philosophy of positivism from natural sciences and by using mathematics - especially statistics - as a way to test hypotheses. 8).
Example / illustration:
Processing of population data with population science. From the results of the processing can be obtained statistical data on mortality, births, population density, and so on.
9. Distance Decay Concept
The declining intensity of any activity, process, or function with increasing distance from its point of origin. 9
Example / illustration:
The farther a place is from the city center, the fewer shops are.
10. The concept of Space time convergence
An expression of the extent to which improvements in transportation and communication have reduced distance barriers. 10)
Example / illustration:
The distance between USA - Saudi Arabia can be reached more quickly by plane. Two people in two remote places can communicate in realtime by telephone.
11. The concept of relative location
Is the location or position of a place or region in relation to the condition or condition of the surrounding environment, both economic conditions, social and political life and culture, territorial waters or land that gives importance, and so on.
The designation is used relative because the situation can change in line with the changing conditions of the surrounding environment. 11) Relative Location is often called Geographical Location.
Example / illustration:
Indonesia is located in the cross position of two continents (Asian Continent and Australian Continent) and two Oceans (Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean)
12. The concept of absolute location
Absolute location is based on the position of a place on the surface of the earth according to latitude and longitude, indicating a fixed location to the Grid system / coordinate system. Absolute Location is often called Astronomical Position.
Example / illustration:
Hong Kong is located at 22o 15 'LU, 114o 10' LS Indonesia is located between 6o LU and 11o LS and 95o East and 141o East
13. The Concept of Connectivity
The directness of routes linking pairs of places; an indication of the degree of internal connection in a transport network. More generally, all of the tangible and intangible communication between places. 13)
Example / illustration:
Road and local road systems, telephone networks, telephone signals and other communication devices.
14. The concept of agglomeration
The concept that integrates the phenomenon makes a place / region that has its own style as a region that is different from other places / regions (differens area). The formation of regional characteristics also affects the time aspect. 14
Example / illustration:
Special Region of Yogyakarta is known as a student city, so the more dominating facilities are schools and universities as well as contract or boarding houses.
15. The concept of absolute distance
The spatial separation between two points on the earth surface measured by some accepted standard units such as miles or kilometers for widely separated locales, feet or meters for more closely spaced points. 15) In the concept of absolute space, distance is measured physically.
Example / illustration:
The distance between Solo and Sragen is 22 Km.
16. The concept of relative distance
The relative distance transforms those linear measurements into other units is more meaningful for the space relationship at question. 16.a) In the concept of absolute space the distance is measured functionally based on units of time, cost, and effort. 16.b)
Example / illustration:
The distance between Yogyakarta and Solo is relatively closer if using a train rather than using a motorcycle. But the cost and flexibility are superior to motorcycles than trains.
6. The Concept of Possibilism
Possibilism is the viewpoint that people, not environments, are dynamic forces of cultural development. 6.a) The natural environment provides a range of alternatives or possibilities, but humans must make choices from the various possibilities that nature provides. 6.b)
Example / illustration:
Sleman Regency has fertile volcanic soil types, besides that the relief is flat so it has the potential to build buildings. Nature provides humans with a choice between increasing soil productivity by planting or building buildings.
7. The Concept of Probabilism
Probabilism is an understanding which considers that the possible patterns of human resources are more important. 7
Example / illustration:
With natural conditions that are far different, Singapore is able to surpass the economies of other Asean countries. This is due to Singapore's human resource factor which is far more advanced than other ASEAN countries' human resources.
8. The concept of quantitative revolution
Quantitative revolution is a concept that is attempted to establish geography as a science (science). Quantitative revolutionaries claim that the use of geography is to test general agreement about the spatial arrangement of a phenomenon. They adopted the philosophy of positivism from natural sciences and by using mathematics - especially statistics - as a way to test hypotheses. 8).
Example / illustration:
Processing of population data with population science. From the results of the processing can be obtained statistical data on mortality, births, population density, and so on.
9. Distance Decay Concept
The declining intensity of any activity, process, or function with increasing distance from its point of origin. 9
Example / illustration:
The farther a place is from the city center, the fewer shops are.
10. The concept of Space time convergence
An expression of the extent to which improvements in transportation and communication have reduced distance barriers. 10)
Example / illustration:
The distance between USA - Saudi Arabia can be reached more quickly by plane. Two people in two remote places can communicate in realtime by telephone.
11. The concept of relative location
Is the location or position of a place or region in relation to the condition or condition of the surrounding environment, both economic conditions, social and political life and culture, territorial waters or land that gives importance, and so on.
The designation is used relative because the situation can change in line with the changing conditions of the surrounding environment. 11) Relative Location is often called Geographical Location.
Example / illustration:
Indonesia is located in the cross position of two continents (Asian Continent and Australian Continent) and two Oceans (Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean)
12. The concept of absolute location
Absolute location is based on the position of a place on the surface of the earth according to latitude and longitude, indicating a fixed location to the Grid system / coordinate system. Absolute Location is often called Astronomical Position.
Example / illustration:
Hong Kong is located at 22o 15 'LU, 114o 10' LS Indonesia is located between 6o LU and 11o LS and 95o East and 141o East
13. The Concept of Connectivity
The directness of routes linking pairs of places; an indication of the degree of internal connection in a transport network. More generally, all of the tangible and intangible communication between places. 13)
Example / illustration:
Road and local road systems, telephone networks, telephone signals and other communication devices.
14. The concept of agglomeration
The concept that integrates the phenomenon makes a place / region that has its own style as a region that is different from other places / regions (differens area). The formation of regional characteristics also affects the time aspect. 14
Example / illustration:
Special Region of Yogyakarta is known as a student city, so the more dominating facilities are schools and universities as well as contract or boarding houses.
15. The concept of absolute distance
The spatial separation between two points on the earth surface measured by some accepted standard units such as miles or kilometers for widely separated locales, feet or meters for more closely spaced points. 15) In the concept of absolute space, distance is measured physically.
Example / illustration:
The distance between Solo and Sragen is 22 Km.
16. The concept of relative distance
The relative distance transforms those linear measurements into other units is more meaningful for the space relationship at question. 16.a) In the concept of absolute space the distance is measured functionally based on units of time, cost, and effort. 16.b)
Example / illustration:
The distance between Yogyakarta and Solo is relatively closer if using a train rather than using a motorcycle. But the cost and flexibility are superior to motorcycles than trains.
Geography Concepts: Examples and Principles
Geography Concepts: Examples and Principles
Geography Concepts: Examples, Principles, and Aspects - Concepts in the Study of Geography This paper was completed to fulfill the task of deepening subject matter Introduction to Geography Supporting lecturer: Dr. R. Rijanta, M. Sc. The term Geography comes from the Greek geo which means earth and graphien which means imaging. Geography is the science that describes everything on the surface of the earth.
Geography concept
See the Core List:
Understanding Geography According to Experts
a. Karl Ritter Geography is the study of areas that differ on the surface of the earth (differential area) in diversity.
b. Finch C. Vernor Geography is a study that explains, explains an area on the surface of the earth accompanied by analysis. Not only highlighting certain phenomena, but paying attention to the changes and dynamics that occur above it.
c. Elsworth Huntington Geography is the study of nature and its distribution through the relationship between the environment and activity (human qualities).
d. Bintarto Geography is a study that studies the causal relationships of symptoms on the surface of the earth and events that occur on the surface of the earth. Physical as well as studies that include living things and their problems. The study was conducted through a spatial, ecological, regional approach to program interests, processes and success.
e. Indonesian Geography Association (IGI) Geography is a study of knowledge that studies the similarities and differences in the geosphere through environmental and territorial approaches in spatial contexts.
Geography Concepts and Examples
1. The concept of Geography as spatial science
Geography is an integrative field of science that studies phenomena on the earth (in the physical and human dimensions) using spatial perspectives.
1) Geography as spatial science studies how and why natural and artificial phenomena can differ from one place to another on earth. The discipline is concerned with the use of the earth space. The study of spatial variations, of how-and why — things differ from place to place on the surface of the earth. 1b).
Example / illustration:
There are different types of land between regions A and B. In addition, the dominant landscape between the two regions is different. Different types of land and landscapes between the two regions are caused by different natural phenomena.
2. The concept of Geography as an idiographic science
Idiographic means to study / describe something rigidly / in detail. 2) Geography as an idiographic science whose material object includes the geosphere means studying the atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and anthroposphere in detail.
Example / illustration:
A geographer can explain in detail about Enggano Island, one of the small islands in Indonesia, both relative and absolute location and weather conditions, soil, and population density. One contribution of the application of this concept is mapping.
3. The concept of Geography as nomothetic science
Nomothetic means looking for propositions, theories, laws based on order that occurs in nature. Geography as nomothetic science means it can find distinctive patterns based on phenomena that occur on the surface of the earth. The hypothesis of a phenomenon is then tested, then a theory and a model are built. 3)
Example / illustration:
The frequency of settlements in villages is less than in cities. The density level has a distinctive pattern that is increasingly compacted towards the center of the city.
4. The concept of spatial interaction
The movement (e.g., of people, goods, information) between different places and an indication of independence between different geographic locations or areas. 4) Requirements for spatial interactions are: i. Complementality ii. Transparency iii. There is no third party who mediates between the two interacting parties (direct interaction).
Example / illustration:
The occurrence of exports - imports of industrial raw materials between Indonesia - Japan. The interaction is carried out directly by the two countries. The cooperation will be smoother if the commodity transfer path runs smoothly.
5. Concept of Environmental Determinism
Environmental determinism is the belief that the physical environment exclusively shapes humans, their actions, and their thoughts. 5) The natural environment is determining / influencing humans and their lives.
Example / illustration:
Extreme environmental conditions (very dry, very cold, very uncertain climate, very heavy relief) such as those found in the African continent make the lives of its inhabitants as if dependent on 'the mercy of nature'.
Geography Concepts: Examples, Principles, and Aspects - Concepts in the Study of Geography This paper was completed to fulfill the task of deepening subject matter Introduction to Geography Supporting lecturer: Dr. R. Rijanta, M. Sc. The term Geography comes from the Greek geo which means earth and graphien which means imaging. Geography is the science that describes everything on the surface of the earth.
Geography concept
See the Core List:
Understanding Geography According to Experts
a. Karl Ritter Geography is the study of areas that differ on the surface of the earth (differential area) in diversity.
b. Finch C. Vernor Geography is a study that explains, explains an area on the surface of the earth accompanied by analysis. Not only highlighting certain phenomena, but paying attention to the changes and dynamics that occur above it.
c. Elsworth Huntington Geography is the study of nature and its distribution through the relationship between the environment and activity (human qualities).
d. Bintarto Geography is a study that studies the causal relationships of symptoms on the surface of the earth and events that occur on the surface of the earth. Physical as well as studies that include living things and their problems. The study was conducted through a spatial, ecological, regional approach to program interests, processes and success.
e. Indonesian Geography Association (IGI) Geography is a study of knowledge that studies the similarities and differences in the geosphere through environmental and territorial approaches in spatial contexts.
Geography Concepts and Examples
1. The concept of Geography as spatial science
Geography is an integrative field of science that studies phenomena on the earth (in the physical and human dimensions) using spatial perspectives.
1) Geography as spatial science studies how and why natural and artificial phenomena can differ from one place to another on earth. The discipline is concerned with the use of the earth space. The study of spatial variations, of how-and why — things differ from place to place on the surface of the earth. 1b).
Example / illustration:
There are different types of land between regions A and B. In addition, the dominant landscape between the two regions is different. Different types of land and landscapes between the two regions are caused by different natural phenomena.
2. The concept of Geography as an idiographic science
Idiographic means to study / describe something rigidly / in detail. 2) Geography as an idiographic science whose material object includes the geosphere means studying the atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and anthroposphere in detail.
Example / illustration:
A geographer can explain in detail about Enggano Island, one of the small islands in Indonesia, both relative and absolute location and weather conditions, soil, and population density. One contribution of the application of this concept is mapping.
3. The concept of Geography as nomothetic science
Nomothetic means looking for propositions, theories, laws based on order that occurs in nature. Geography as nomothetic science means it can find distinctive patterns based on phenomena that occur on the surface of the earth. The hypothesis of a phenomenon is then tested, then a theory and a model are built. 3)
Example / illustration:
The frequency of settlements in villages is less than in cities. The density level has a distinctive pattern that is increasingly compacted towards the center of the city.
4. The concept of spatial interaction
The movement (e.g., of people, goods, information) between different places and an indication of independence between different geographic locations or areas. 4) Requirements for spatial interactions are: i. Complementality ii. Transparency iii. There is no third party who mediates between the two interacting parties (direct interaction).
Example / illustration:
The occurrence of exports - imports of industrial raw materials between Indonesia - Japan. The interaction is carried out directly by the two countries. The cooperation will be smoother if the commodity transfer path runs smoothly.
5. Concept of Environmental Determinism
Environmental determinism is the belief that the physical environment exclusively shapes humans, their actions, and their thoughts. 5) The natural environment is determining / influencing humans and their lives.
Example / illustration:
Extreme environmental conditions (very dry, very cold, very uncertain climate, very heavy relief) such as those found in the African continent make the lives of its inhabitants as if dependent on 'the mercy of nature'.
The Concept and Scope of Geography
The Concept and Scope of Geography
The concept of distance is related to location. Distance is usually also related to social and economic life and is relative. Example:
The price of land will be more expensive if the distance is close to the highway
The price of agricultural production will be more expensive in markets that are located far from the production center
The Concept of Affordability
The concept of affordability is closely related to the state of the earth's surface and the availability of transportation facilities and infrastructure. Example: Areas located in the depth of a dense forest will be isolated with outside areas because there is no access to get there.
Pattern Concept
The concept of the pattern is related to the spread of geosphere phenomena on the earth's surface. Example: Settlement patterns are usually related to the availability of natural resources, rivers, roads, land forms.
Morphological Concept
The concept of morphology is related to the shape of the earth's surface as a result of endogenous and exogenous energy. Example: Mountainous terrain is suitable for plantation agriculture.
The concept of agglomeration
The concept of agglomeration is related to the tendency to spread geographic objects on the surface of the earth. Example:
The existence of slums and elite areas
Industrial grouping somewhere (industrial agglomeration)
The Concept of Value of Use
The concept of usability is related to the benefits of phenomena that exist on the surface of the earth that are relative. Example: For some people a museum is an interesting place because it can provide a lot of information.
The concept of interaction (Interdependence)
The concept of interaction deals with the relationship between geosphere phenomena. Example: because of differences in needs, there is interaction between cities and villages.
Area Differentiation Concept
The concept of area differentiation relates to differences in patterns between regions on the surface of the earth, with special features that can be distinguished from other regions. Example: The amount of rainfall in regions in Indonesia is different from one another, there are areas that have a lot of rainfall, moderate, and little.
Spatial Linkage
Spatial linkage means the relationship between the spread of a phenomenon with other phenomena somewhere. Example:
Public transportation in the city of Bogor is dominated by the type of public transportation because the area has bumpy and hilly terrain. Unlike Jakarta, which has a flat surface, the type of public transportation in Jakarta is dominated by buses.
Because the mountains have cool temperatures, tea and coffee can grow well.
The Nature and Scope of Geography
In essence, geography studies are spatial studies on the phenomena and problems of human life that are compiled from the results of observation by analyzing human phenomena, natural phenomena and their distribution and interactions in space. To show and explain phenomena on the surface of the earth starting by asking 6 (six) key questions , i.e. what, where, when, why, who (m) and how (5W1H). The main question is to explain:
WHAT phenomenon is happening
WHERE the phenomenon occurs
WHEN the phenomenon occurs
WHY that phenomenon occurs
WHO is experiencing
HOW efforts are overcome
The Object of Geography Study and Its Explanation
Basically, our inhabited Earth is the object of geography studies. In the object of study can be divided into material objects and formal objects. For more details on each object, see the review below.
Object of Geography Study
Material Objects
These material objects include the location and symptoms or phenomena that occur and occur in the geosphere. For the geographical location, it is divided into physiographic location and sociographic location. Examples of geographic location are astronomical, maritime, climatological and geomorphological locations; sociographic location examples are social, economic, political and cultural locations.
Material objects relate to physical landscapes and human (cultural) landscapes. The physical landscape or natural environment includes the atmosphere (meteorology and climatology), lithosphere (geology, geomorphology and pedology), hydrosphere (oceanography and hydrology), and biosphere (botany and zoology). Cultural landscape or human environment includes social geography, population geography, urban geography, economic geography and others.
Formal Objects
In this object is a way of looking and thinking about material objects from a geographic point of view, a way of looking and thinking about material objects in terms of spatial, environmental and regional complexes, as well as time.
Spatial Viewpoints
In this angle through a spatial perspective, formal objects are viewed in terms of the value of a place of various interests. From this we can learn about location, distance, affordability (accessibility) and so on.
Environmental Viewpoints
This viewpoint is applied by studying a place in relation to the condition of a place and its components within a single territory. These components consist of abiotic and biotic components.
Territorial Viewpoints
In this perspective, formal objects are studied in similarities and differences between regions and regions with special characteristics. From this point of view, regional zones such as desert regions emerge, namely regions that have similar characteristics in atmospheric components.
Viewpoint of Time
Formal objects are studied in terms of development over periods of time or developments and changes over time. Example: the development of the region from year to year and the condition of the coastline from time to time.
Prof. Bintarto (1981) -, Geography is the study of the causal relationships of phenomena on the surface of the earth, both physical and related to the life of living things and their problems through spatial, environmental, and regional approaches for the benefit of programs, processes and development success.
Richard Hartshorne, Geography is a discipline that describes and interprets the characteristics of variables from one place to another on the surface of the earth as a place for human life.
James Fairgrive (1966), Geography has educational value that can educate humans to think critically and be responsible for the advances of the world. He also believes that maps are very important to answer the question "where" from various aspects and geographic symptoms.
Frank Debenham (1950), Geography is the science in charge of interpreting the distribution of facts, finding relationships between human life and the physical environment, explaining the power of interaction between humans and nature.
Also Read Articles That May Be Related: The Trikora (Tri Komando Rakyat) Contents: Purpose, Background, History Beginning To End
The concept of distance is related to location. Distance is usually also related to social and economic life and is relative. Example:
The price of land will be more expensive if the distance is close to the highway
The price of agricultural production will be more expensive in markets that are located far from the production center
The Concept of Affordability
The concept of affordability is closely related to the state of the earth's surface and the availability of transportation facilities and infrastructure. Example: Areas located in the depth of a dense forest will be isolated with outside areas because there is no access to get there.
Pattern Concept
The concept of the pattern is related to the spread of geosphere phenomena on the earth's surface. Example: Settlement patterns are usually related to the availability of natural resources, rivers, roads, land forms.
Morphological Concept
The concept of morphology is related to the shape of the earth's surface as a result of endogenous and exogenous energy. Example: Mountainous terrain is suitable for plantation agriculture.
The concept of agglomeration
The concept of agglomeration is related to the tendency to spread geographic objects on the surface of the earth. Example:
The existence of slums and elite areas
Industrial grouping somewhere (industrial agglomeration)
The Concept of Value of Use
The concept of usability is related to the benefits of phenomena that exist on the surface of the earth that are relative. Example: For some people a museum is an interesting place because it can provide a lot of information.
The concept of interaction (Interdependence)
The concept of interaction deals with the relationship between geosphere phenomena. Example: because of differences in needs, there is interaction between cities and villages.
Area Differentiation Concept
The concept of area differentiation relates to differences in patterns between regions on the surface of the earth, with special features that can be distinguished from other regions. Example: The amount of rainfall in regions in Indonesia is different from one another, there are areas that have a lot of rainfall, moderate, and little.
Spatial Linkage
Spatial linkage means the relationship between the spread of a phenomenon with other phenomena somewhere. Example:
Public transportation in the city of Bogor is dominated by the type of public transportation because the area has bumpy and hilly terrain. Unlike Jakarta, which has a flat surface, the type of public transportation in Jakarta is dominated by buses.
Because the mountains have cool temperatures, tea and coffee can grow well.
The Nature and Scope of Geography
In essence, geography studies are spatial studies on the phenomena and problems of human life that are compiled from the results of observation by analyzing human phenomena, natural phenomena and their distribution and interactions in space. To show and explain phenomena on the surface of the earth starting by asking 6 (six) key questions , i.e. what, where, when, why, who (m) and how (5W1H). The main question is to explain:
WHAT phenomenon is happening
WHERE the phenomenon occurs
WHEN the phenomenon occurs
WHY that phenomenon occurs
WHO is experiencing
HOW efforts are overcome
The Object of Geography Study and Its Explanation
Basically, our inhabited Earth is the object of geography studies. In the object of study can be divided into material objects and formal objects. For more details on each object, see the review below.
Object of Geography Study
Material Objects
These material objects include the location and symptoms or phenomena that occur and occur in the geosphere. For the geographical location, it is divided into physiographic location and sociographic location. Examples of geographic location are astronomical, maritime, climatological and geomorphological locations; sociographic location examples are social, economic, political and cultural locations.
Material objects relate to physical landscapes and human (cultural) landscapes. The physical landscape or natural environment includes the atmosphere (meteorology and climatology), lithosphere (geology, geomorphology and pedology), hydrosphere (oceanography and hydrology), and biosphere (botany and zoology). Cultural landscape or human environment includes social geography, population geography, urban geography, economic geography and others.
Formal Objects
In this object is a way of looking and thinking about material objects from a geographic point of view, a way of looking and thinking about material objects in terms of spatial, environmental and regional complexes, as well as time.
Spatial Viewpoints
In this angle through a spatial perspective, formal objects are viewed in terms of the value of a place of various interests. From this we can learn about location, distance, affordability (accessibility) and so on.
Environmental Viewpoints
This viewpoint is applied by studying a place in relation to the condition of a place and its components within a single territory. These components consist of abiotic and biotic components.
Territorial Viewpoints
In this perspective, formal objects are studied in similarities and differences between regions and regions with special characteristics. From this point of view, regional zones such as desert regions emerge, namely regions that have similar characteristics in atmospheric components.
Viewpoint of Time
Formal objects are studied in terms of development over periods of time or developments and changes over time. Example: the development of the region from year to year and the condition of the coastline from time to time.
Prof. Bintarto (1981) -, Geography is the study of the causal relationships of phenomena on the surface of the earth, both physical and related to the life of living things and their problems through spatial, environmental, and regional approaches for the benefit of programs, processes and development success.
Richard Hartshorne, Geography is a discipline that describes and interprets the characteristics of variables from one place to another on the surface of the earth as a place for human life.
James Fairgrive (1966), Geography has educational value that can educate humans to think critically and be responsible for the advances of the world. He also believes that maps are very important to answer the question "where" from various aspects and geographic symptoms.
Frank Debenham (1950), Geography is the science in charge of interpreting the distribution of facts, finding relationships between human life and the physical environment, explaining the power of interaction between humans and nature.
Also Read Articles That May Be Related: The Trikora (Tri Komando Rakyat) Contents: Purpose, Background, History Beginning To End
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